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1.
Arq. Ciênc. Vet. Zool. UNIPAR (Online) ; 26(1cont): 313-323, jan.-jun. 2023. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1517897

ABSTRACT

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar e desenvolver uma nova tecnologia para agricultura familiar, que integre a olericultura com a criação de pintados em tanques elevados de geomembrana com recirculação de água. Para tanto, foram distribuídos aleatoriamente 240 peixes com peso médio de 10,67g em um tanque de geomembrana com capacidade de 30 m3 de água. A qualidade da água foi monitorada analisando as variáveis temperatura da água por meio de um termômetro, oxigênio dissolvido, pH, alcalinidade, nitrito e amônia por meio de kits colorimétricos. O arraçoamento foi realizado duas vezes ao dia às 07h00min e 19h00min com ração extrusada contendo 32% de proteína bruta, durante um período de 204 dias. Mensalmente foram realizadas biometrias para corrigir o arraçoamento, analisar o peso total médio, comprimento total médio, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. A qualidade da água durante o período experimental não apresentou níveis críticos para a produção dos peixes e no final dos 204 dias de criação os peixes apresentaram peso final médio de 719,4g, comprimento final médio de 48,5cm, ganho de peso final médio de 708,5g e conversão alimentar média de 1,59. Quanto à produtividade das olerícolas, constatou-se que a água do efluente do sistema de criação forneceu quantidades adequadas de nutrientes necessários ao desenvolvimento das plantas. Os resultados indicam que o pintado tem potencial para ser criado em tanques elevados de geomembrana com sistema de recirculação de água e o efluente do sistema pode ser utilizado como uma alternativa para a produção integrada de peixes e olerícolas.(AU)


The present study aimed to evaluate and develop a new technology for family farming, which integrates vegetable farming with the creation of guinea fowl in elevated geomembrane tanks with water recirculation. To this end, 240 fish with an average weight of 10.67g were randomly distributed in a geomembrane tank with a capacity of 30 m3 of water. Water quality was monitored by analyzing the variables water temperature using a thermometer, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity, nitrite and ammonia using colorimetric kits. Feeding was carried out twice a day at 7:00 am and 7:00 pm with extruded feed containing 32% crude protein, over a period of 204 days. Biometrics were carried out monthly to correct the diet, analyze the average total weight, average total length, weight gain and feed conversion. The water quality during the experimental period did not present critical levels for fish production and at the end of the 204 days of creation the fish had an average final weight of 719.4g, average final length of 48.5cm, average final weight gain of 708.5g and average feed conversion of 1.59. Regarding the productivity of the olerícolas, it was found that the effluent water of the rearing system provided adequate amounts of nutrients necessary for the development of the plants. The results indicate that the pintado has the potential to be created in elevated geomembrane tanks with water recirculation system and the effluent of the system can be used as an alternative for the integrated production of fish and olerícolas.(AU)


El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar y desarrollar una nueva tecnología para la agricultura familiar, que integra la olericultura con la creación de pintados en tanques elevados de geomembrana con recirculación de agua. Con este fin, 240 peces con un peso promedio de 10.67g se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en un tanque de geomembrana con una capacidad de 30 m3 de agua. La calidad del agua fue monitoreada mediante el análisis de las variables temperatura del agua por medio de un termómetro, oxígeno disuelto, pH, alcalinidad, nitrito y amoníaco por medio de kits colorimétricos. La alimentación se realizó dos veces al día a las 07:00 y 19:00 con alimento extruido que contenía 32% de proteína cruda, durante un período de 204 días. La biometría se realizó mensualmente para corregir la alimentación, analizar el peso total promedio, la longitud total media, el aumento de peso y la conversión alimenticia. La calidad del agua durante el período experimental no presentó niveles críticos para la producción de peces y al final de los 204 días de cría los peces presentaron un peso final promedio de 719.4g, una longitud final promedio de 48.5cm, una ganancia de peso final promedio de 708.5g y una conversión alimenticia promedio de 1.59. En cuanto a la productividad de las olerícolas, se encontró que el agua efluente del sistema de cría proporcionó cantidades adecuadas de nutrientes necesarios para el desarrollo de las plantas. Los resultados indican que el pintado tiene el potencial de ser creado en tanques elevados de geomembrana con sistema de recirculación de agua y el efluente del sistema puede ser utilizado como una alternativa para la producción integrada de peces y olerícolas.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Catfishes/physiology , Agriculture/trends , Fishes/growth & development , Technology/trends , Fisheries , Fabaceae/growth & development
2.
Braz. j. biol ; 83: 1-13, 2023. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1468809

ABSTRACT

Interactions between endophytic fungi (EFs) and their host plants range from positive to neutral to negative. The results of such interactions can vary depending on the organ of the infected host plant. EFs isolated from the leaves of some species of plants have potential for use as agents to inhibit seed germination and control invasive plants. The objectives of this study were to identify EFs present in the leaves of Copaifera oblongifolia and to evaluate the role of these fungi in seed germination and seedling development. A total of 11 species of EFs were isolated, which were identified using the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) sequence of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The isolated species of EFs are generalists and probably are transmitted horizontally. Laboratory tests revealed that filtrates of these fungal isolates differently affect seed germination and seedling development of C. oblongifolia. The species Curvularia intermedia, Neofusicoccum parvum, Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum and Phomopsis sp. negatively affected seed germination, with N. parvum standing out for its negative effects, inhibiting seedling germination and survival in 89 and 222%, respectively. In addition, Cochliobolus intermedius negatively affected seedling development. Thus, the combined use of N. parvum and C. intermedius, or products from the metabolism of these microorganisms, in the control of invasive plants deserves attention from future studies.


As interações entre fungos endofíticos (FEs) e suas plantas hospedeiras variam de positivas, neutras a negativas. Os resultados destas interações podem variar dependendo do órgão da planta hospedeira infectada. FEs isolados de folhas de algumas espécies de plantas têm potencial para serem usados como agentes inibidores da germinação de sementes e no controle de plantas invasoras. Os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar os FEs presentes nas folhas de Copaifera oblongifolia e avaliar o papel destes fungos na germinação das sementes e no desenvolvimento das plântulas. Um total de 11 espécies de FEs foi isolado das folhas de C. oblongifolia e identificado através da sequência dos espaçadores internos transcritos do DNA ribossomal nuclear. As espécies de FEs isoladas são generalistas e provavelmente devem ser transmitidas horizontalmente. Os resultados dos testes de germinação mostraram que filtrados destes isolados fúngicos podem afetar diferentemente a germinação das sementes e o desenvolvimento das plântulas de C. oblongifolia. As espécies Curvularia intermedia, Neofusicoccum parvum, Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum e Phomopsis sp. afetaram negativamente a germinação das sementes de C. oblongifolia. Dentre estas espécies devemos destacar que N. parvum reduziu a germinação e a sobrevivência das plântulas em 89 e 222%, respectivamente. Além disso, Cochiliobolus intermedius afetou negativamente o desenvolvimento das plântulas. Assim, o uso combinado de N. parvum e C. intermedius, ou de produtos do metabolismo destas espécies de fungos, têm potencial para serem usados no manejo de plantas invasoras.


Subject(s)
Animals , DNA, Ribosomal/analysis , Fabaceae/growth & development , Fungi/pathogenicity , Germination , Host Microbial Interactions , Seedlings/growth & development
3.
Braz. j. biol ; 82: 1-8, 2022. tab, graf, ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1468483

ABSTRACT

In the tropical region, savannas and seasonal forests, both highly diverse biomes, occur side by side, under the same climate. If so, that mosaic cannot be explained solely by climatic variables, but also by fire, water availability and soil status. Nutrient availability in the soil, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, has been postulated to explain the abrupt transitions between savannas and seasonal forests in tropical regions. Plants from these two biomes may present different nutritional strategies to cope with nitrogen and phosphorus limitation. We used two congeneric pairs of trees — each pair with a species from the savanna and another from the neighboring seasonal forest — to test whether savanna and forest species presented different nutritional strategies during their early development. We cultivated 56 individuals from each of these species in a hydroponics system with four treatments: (1) complete Hoagland solution, (2) Hoagland solution without nitrogen, (3) Hoagland solution without phosphorus, and (4) Hoagland solution without nitrogen and phosphorus. After 45 days, we harvested the plants and measured total biomass, root to shoot ratio, height, leaf area, and specific leaf area. Overall, savanna species were lighter, shorter, with smaller leaves, higher specific leaf areas, and higher root to shoot ratios when compared to the forest species. Nitrogen increased the performance of species from both biomes. Phosphorus improved the performance of the forest species and caused toxicity symptoms in the savanna species. Hence, savanna and forest species presented different demands and were partially distinct already as seedlings concerning their nutritional strategies.


Em regiões tropicais, savanas e florestas estacionais, biomas altamente diversos, ocorrem lado a lado, sob o mesmo clima. Sendo assim, esse mosaico não pode ser explicado somente por variáveis climáticas, devendo ser considerada a frequência e intensidade de incêndios, disponibilidade de água e status do solo. A disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo, especialmente nitrogênio e fósforo, tem sido postulada para explicar as transições abruptas entre savanas e florestas estacionais nos trópicos. Espécies vegetais desses dois biomas podem apresentar estratégias nutricionais diferentes para lidar com a limitação tanto de nitrogênio como de fósforo. Utilizamos dois pares de árvores congenéricas — cada par com uma espécie típica de savana e outra de floresta estacional vizinha — para testar se as espécies da savana e da floresta apresentaram estratégias nutricionais diferentes durante seu desenvolvimento inicial. Cultivamos 56 indivíduos de cada uma dessas espécies em um sistema hidropônico com quatro tratamentos: (1) solução Hoagland completa, (2) solução Hoagland sem nitrogênio, (3) solução Hoagland sem fósforo e (4) solução Hoagland sem nitrogênio e fósforo. Após 45 dias, colhemos as plantas e medimos a biomassa total, a relação raiz / parte aérea, altura, área foliar e área foliar específica. No geral, as espécies savânicas foram mais leves, menores em altura, área foliar e área foliar específica e apresentaram maiores razões entre biomassa radicular por biomassa aérea quando comparadas às espécies florestais. A oferta de nitrogênio aumentou o desempenho das espécies de ambos biomas. O fósforo melhorou o desempenho das espécies florestais e causou sintomas de toxicidade nas espécies savânicas. Concluímos que, já como mudas, espécies congenéricas de savana e floresta apresentaram demandas distintas e foram parcialmente diferentes em relação a suas estratégias nutricionais.


Subject(s)
Soil Characteristics/analysis , Rainforest , Phosphorus/administration & dosage , Hydroponics , Nitrogen/administration & dosage , Grassland , Soil Chemistry/analysis , Fabaceae/growth & development , Fabaceae/drug effects , Solanum/growth & development , Solanum/drug effects
4.
Braz. j. biol ; 79(3): 369-376, July-Sept. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1001452

ABSTRACT

Abstract This study aimed to inventory the herbivore insects associated with Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong (Fabaceae) fruits and seeds and their primary and secondary parasitoids. Six samples collected between May and October 2013 yielded 210 fruits, from which 326 insects of six orders emerged: Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Thysanoptera and Psocoptera. Coleoptera (five families) was represented by the seed consumers Merobruchus bicoloripes Pic, Stator sp. Bridwell (Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae), two species of Silvanidae, one species of Scolytinae (Curculionidae), one species of Nitidulidae and one species of Cerambycidae. The cerambycid was also observed forming galleries on fruit mesocarp. Immature individuals of Lepidoptera were observed consuming the fruits and seeds. From the seven Hymenoptera families, only two species were associated with Coleoptera, being Horismenus Walker sp. (Eulophidae) as parasitoid of M. bicoloripes, and Neoheterospilus falcatus (Marsh) (Braconidae) as parasitoid of Scolytinae. The Lepidoptera parasitoids represented four genera: Pseudophanerotoma Zetel, Chelonus Panzer (Braconidae), Orgilus Nees (Braconidae) and Goniozus Forster (Bethylidae). The host associations for the reared parasitoids Bracon Fabricius (Braconidae), Pimplinae sp. (Ichneumonidae) and Perilampus Forster (Perilampidae) were not confirmed. We obtained a single representative of Diptera (Tachinidae) associated with Lepidoptera hosts in this food web.


Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo inventariar os insetos herbívoros associados a frutos e sementes de Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong (Fabaceae) e seus parasitoides primários e secundários. De seis amostras coletadas entre maio e outubro de 2013, obteve-se 210 frutos, dos quais emergiram 326 insetos pertencentes a seis ordens: Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Thysanoptera e Psocoptera. Coleoptera (cinco famílias) foi representada pelos consumidores de sementes: Merobruchus bicoloripes Pic, Stator sp. Bridwell (Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae), Silvanidae sp. 1 e sp. 2, Scolytinae sp. (Curculionidae), Nitidulidae sp. e Cerambycidae sp. A última espécie também foi observada formando galerias no mesocarpo do fruto. Indivíduos imaturos de Lepidoptera também foram observados consumindo os frutos e sementes. Dos Hymenoptera (sete famílias), duas espécies foram associadas a Coleoptera, sendo Horismenus Walker sp. (Eulophidae) parasitoide de M. bicoloripes e Neoheterospilus falcatus (Marsh) (Braconidae) parasitoide de Scolytinae. Os parasitoides de Lepidoptera foram totalizados em quatro gêneros: Pseudophanerotoma Zetel e Chelonus Panzer (Braconidae), Orgilus Nees (Braconidae) e Goniozus Forster (Bethylidae). As interações para os parasitoides Bracon Fabricius (Braconidae), Pimplinae sp. (Ichneumonidae) e Perilampus Forster (Perilampidae) não foram confirmadas. Nós encontramos apenas um único representante de Diptera (Tachinidae) como parasitoide de Lepidoptera nesta rede trófica.


Subject(s)
Animals , Food Chain , Herbivory , Host-Parasite Interactions , Insecta/physiology , Insecta/parasitology , Fabaceae/growth & development , Coleoptera/growth & development , Coleoptera/physiology , Coleoptera/parasitology , Brazil , Diptera/physiology , Fruit/physiology , Insecta/growth & development , Larva/growth & development
5.
Acta amaz ; 48(4): 311-320, Oct.-Dec. 2018. map, ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1455377

ABSTRACT

The forest dynamics in the Amazonian floodplains is strongly triggered by the flood pulse. Trees respond to unfavorable growth conditions during the flood period by cambial dormancy, which results in the formation of annual growth rings. We determined tree age and compared the mean annual rates of increase in the diameter of Macrolobium acaciifolium with hydrological and climatic factors in three regions of central Amazonian floodplain forest. A wood sample was obtained from each tree using an increment borer. Ring growth was assessed by marginal parenchyma bands to determine tree age and the mean diameter increment. Ring widths were indexed to construct cross-dating chronologies and correlated with climatic and hydrological variables. The analyses demonstrate that the mean annual diameter increment did not differ between the three study sites. The chronologies correlated significantly with the terrestrial phase. There was no significant difference in the ring-width index between El Niño years and other years, and between La Niña and other years. These results show that the hydrological variables can be considered crucial to the rates of tree growth and diameter increment in floodplains, and El Niño signals were not detected in the tree-ring chronologies.


A dinâmica das florestas alagáveis da Amazônia é fortemente influenciada pelo pulso anual de inundação. As árvores respondem às condições de crescimento desfavoráveis durante o período de inundação através da dormência cambial, resultando na formação de anéis de crescimento anuais. Neste estudo, determinamos a idade das árvores e comparamos as taxas anuais médias de incremento em diâmetro de Macrolobium acaciifolium com fatores hidrológicos e climáticos em três regiões de florestas alagáveis na Amazônia central. Para cada árvore, uma amostra de madeira foi obtida usando uma broca dendrocronológica. O crescimento do anel foi avaliado por bandas de parênquima marginal, para determinar a idade da árvore e o incremento médio em diâmetro. As séries de anéis foram indexadas, para construir cronologias, e correlacionadas com variáveis climáticas e hidrológicas. Nossas análises demonstraram que o incremento anual médio em diâmetro não diferiu entre os três locais de estudo. As cronologias correlacionaram-se significativamente com a fase terrestre. Não houve diferença significativa no índice de largura dos anéis entre os anos de El Niño e outros anos, e entre os anos de La Niña e outros anos. Estes resultados mostraram que as variáveis hidrológicas podem ser consideradas cruciais para as taxas de crescimento e de incremento em diâmetro das árvores em florestas alagáveis, e que não foram detectados sinais de El Niño nas cronologias das árvores analisadas.


Subject(s)
Water Cycle , Climate Effects/analysis , Life Cycle Stages , Fabaceae/growth & development , Abiotic Factors/analysis , Brazil , Amazonian Ecosystem
6.
Rev. biol. trop ; 66(3): 1135-1148, jul.-sep. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, SaludCR | ID: biblio-977372

ABSTRACT

Abstract Galls are structures produced by plants in response to the activity of several types of organisms. Gall-inducing species have a close relationship with their host plant, as their habitat is largely restricted to the gall and the plant organ in which it develops. All plant organs are susceptible to gall induction by insects, the leaves being the most vulnerable. Knowledge about interactions between gall-inducing insects and plants is fragmented and incomplete in Argentina. In this study, we completed an inventory of galls induced by insects on plants in Córdoba (central Argentina) using information from field surveys and a review of the literature. We also focused on the frequency of plant-insect taxonomic associations and plant organs most commonly attacked by gall-inducing insects. Field surveys were performed systematically in 26 sites of Chaco Serrano, which were visited five times in two consecutive years, and in 17 sites of the province, which were sampled one or two times each. A comprehensive literature search of electronic and conventional databases was also conducted to complete the inventory. A total of 99 gall morphospecies on 58 plant species (21 families and 44 genera) were recorded through both field surveys and a literature review, enlarging the list of species available for the region by almost 50 %. Asteraceae and Fabaceae were the plant families most attacked by galling insects, in partial concordance with the most species-rich plant families in the region. Diptera, particularly the family Cecidomyiidae, was the most species-rich group in the community of galling insects, which is in agreement with different studies across the globe. Baccharis was the genus displaying the highest number of gall morphotypes, followed by Acacia, Condalia, Geoffroea, Prosopis and Schinus. Almost 60 % of the morphotypes were stem galls, a pattern uncommon in the literature. Fusiform and globoid-shaped galls were predominant. Our study highlights the scarce knowledge there is about the interactions between plants and gall-inducing insects in Argentina, particularly those involving species of Cecidomyiidae, with more than 30 undescribed species. Possible mechanisms involved in the predominance of stem galls in central Argentina are discussed. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1135-1148. Epub 2018 September 01.


Resumen Las agallas son estructuras producidas por las plantas en respuesta a la actividad de diversos tipos de organismos, los cuales establecen una estrecha relación con sus especies hospedantes, ya que su hábitat está restringido en gran medida a la agalla y al órgano vegetal donde la agalla se desarrolla. Todos los órganos vegetales son susceptibles a la inducción de agallas por insectos, siendo las hojas los más frecuentemente atacados. En Argentina, el conocimiento de estas interacciones es fragmentando e incompleto. En el presente estudio, se realizó un inventario de agallas inducidas por insectos utilizando información obtenida de muestreos a campo y revisión bibliográfica. También nos enfocamos en las asociaciones taxonómicas insecto-planta más frecuentes y en los órganos vegetales más atacados por los insectos cecidógenos. Se realizaron muestreos a campo en 26 sitios localizados en el Chaco Serrano, que fueron visitados cinco veces en dos años consecutivos y en otros 17 sitios, distribuidos en la provincia de Córdoba, que fueron visitados una o dos veces. Además se realizó una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica en bases de datos electrónicas (disponibles en internet) y convencionales. Un total de 99 agallas en 58 especies vegetales (21 familias y 44 géneros) fueron registradas a través de los muestreos en el campo y la revisión bibliográfica, ampliando el número de interacciones previamente conocidas en al menos un 50 %. Las familias vegetales más atacadas fueron Asteraceae y Fabaceae, coincidiendo con las familias vegetales más diversas de la región. La familia Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) presentó el mayor número de especies, en concordancia con diversos estudios alrededor del mundo. Baccharis fue el género vegetal que mayor número de morfotipos de agallas albergó, seguido por Acacia, Condalia, Geoffroea, Prosopis y Schinus. Al menos el 60 % de morfotipos registrados se presentaron en tallos, un patrón poco común en la bibliografía. Las formas predominantes fueron fusiforme y globoide. Nuestra investigación revela el escaso conocimiento sobre la comunidad de insectos cecidógenos y sus agallas en Argentina, particularmente de las inducidas por especies de la familia Cecidomyiidae, con más de 30 especies aún no descritas. Se discuten posibles mecanismos involucrados en la predominancia de agallas caulinares en el centro de Argentina.


Subject(s)
Animals , Plant Tumors/statistics & numerical data , Asteraceae/growth & development , Diptera/anatomy & histology , Diptera/growth & development , Insecta , Fabaceae/growth & development , Argentina
7.
Rev. biol. trop ; 66(3): 969-983, jul.-sep. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, SaludCR | ID: biblio-977359

ABSTRACT

Resumen La productividad de las plantaciones forestales con especies nativas se puede incrementar si se conocen bien los requerimientos nutricionales de cada una de las especies. Estos requerimientos pueden variar de acuerdo a las estrategias ecológicas de las especies y a las adaptaciones que tienen, como por ejemplo la capacidad de fijar nitrógeno. En el presente trabajo se presentan los "rangos satisfactorios" de concentración foliar de macronutrimentos y micronutrimentos para cuatro leguminosas del trópico estacionalmente seco de Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Se analizó la concentración foliar de N, P, Ca, Mg, K, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn y B, Na en las especies Dalbergia retusa (cocobolo), Enterolobium cyclocarpum (guanacaste), Hymenaea courbaril (guapinol) y Schizolobium parahyba (gallinazo). La concentración de nutrimentos varió con las especies y según la capacidad de fijar nitrógeno o no y dentro de cada una de esas categorías de acuerdo a la tasa de crecimiento. La concentración total de nutrimentos fue mayor para las especies fijadoras de N que para las no fijadoras y dentro de cada uno de esos grupos la concentración total de nutrimentos fue mayor para las especies de crecimiento rápido comparado con aquellas de crecimiento más lento. De acuerdo a la cantidad de nutrimentos observados en las hojas, se recomienda que H. courbaril y D. retusa deberían ser sembradas en suelos relativamente pobres de nutrimentos, mientras que E. cyclocarpum y S. parahyba en suelos más fértiles. Para D. retusa e H. courbaril se presenta información nueva sobre concentraciones y se mejora la misma para algunos elementos no mencionados en la literatura para E. cyclocarpum y S. parahyba.


Abstract The information about nutritional aspects of trees in the tropical dry forest is scarce. This investigation aims to establish a normal range of foliar nutrient concentration to four forestry species as related to their growth rates and biological nitrogen fixation capacity in the seasonally dry ecosystem at Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Foliar samples for four species: Dalbergia retusa (cocobolo), Enterolobium cyclocarpum (guanacaste), Hymenaea courbaril (guapinol or jatobá) and Schizolobium parahyba (gallinazo or pachaco), all belonging to the Fabaceae family, were analyzed for N, P, Ca, Mg, K, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B and Na. Nutrient concentration varied with species according to their ability to fix nitrogen and their rate of growth. The overall concentration of macronutrients was higher in nitrogen-fixing species compared with non-fixing species, and within each one of those groups, the species with higher growth rate presented more macronutrients than species with low growth rate. According to the concentration of foliar nutrients accumulated in the foliage, we recommend that H. courbaril and D. retusacould be grown in the region soils with medium fertility and E. cyclocarpum and S. parahyba in the more fertile soils. Values ranges of foliar concentrations considered as satisfactory presented in this work are new for D. retusa and H. courbaril and improve the scarce information available for E. cyclocarpum and S. parahyba. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 969-983. Epub 2018 September 01.


Subject(s)
Trees/growth & development , Wood , Nutrients/deficiency , Fabaceae , Nutritive Value , Technology, Industry, and Agriculture , Fabaceae/growth & development
8.
Acta sci., Biol. sci ; 40: 39555-39555, 20180000. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1460813

ABSTRACT

Enterolobium contortisiliquum is a neotropical widespread species that occurs in native AtlanticForest, Cerrado and Caatinga vegetation in Brazil. Outside Brazil, it occurs in Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of high carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] on leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a fluorescence, growth, and biomass allocation among roots, stems, and leaves in young plants of E. contortisiliquum. After germination, twenty days old individuals of E. contortisiliquum were grown in open-top chambers (OTC) at two different [CO2] (400 ppm and 700 ppm). Physiological measurements were made when the plants had been grown in OTC for 170, 200, 230, and 260 days. The higher [CO2] favored the early growth of E. contortisiliquum by increasing maximum net photosynthesis (PN) and water use efficiency. Under high [CO2], root dry mass increased in E. contortisiliquum, which might be a trait that will benefit this species by enhancing water uptake, particularly in seasonally dry environments.


Enterolobium contortisiliquum é uma espécie neotropical generalista, encontrada na vegetação nativa da Mata Atlântica do Brasil, no Cerrado e na Caatinga. Fora do país, também pode ser encontrada empaíses como Argentina, Bolívia, Paraguai e Uruguai. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a influência da alta concentração de dióxido de carbono [CO2] nas trocas gasosas foliares, no teor de clorofila, na fluorescência da clorofila a, no crescimento e alocação de biomassa entre raízes, caules e folhas em plantas jovens de E. contortisiliquum. Após a germinação, indivíduos de E. contortisiliquum de 20 dias de idade foram cultivados em câmaras de topo aberto (CTA), em duas diferentes [CO2] (400 ppm e 700 ppm). Asmedições fisiológicas foram realizadas no momento do cultivo das plantas em CTA por 170, 200, 230 e 260 dias. A alta [CO2] favoreceu o crescimento inicial de E. contortisiliquum aumentando a fotossíntese líquida máxima (PN) e a eficiência do uso da água. Sob alta [CO2], a massa seca da raiz aumentou em E. contortisiliquum, o que pode ser uma característica que beneficiará esta espécie, aumentando a absorção de água, particularmente em ambientes sazonalmente secos.


Subject(s)
Carbon Dioxide/analysis , Carbon Dioxide/chemistry , Fabaceae/growth & development , Fabaceae/chemistry , Photosynthesis
9.
Braz. j. biol ; 77(4): 774-780, Nov. 2017. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-888804

ABSTRACT

Abstract During germination, orthodox seeds become gradually intolerant to desiccation, and for this reason, they are a good model for recalcitrance studies. In the present work, physiological, biochemical, and ultrastructural aspects of the desiccation tolerance were characterized during the germination process of Anadenanthera colubrina seeds. The seeds were imbibed during zero (control), 2, 8, 12 (no germinated seeds), and 18 hours (germinated seeds with 1 mm protruded radicle); then they were dried for 72 hours, rehydrated and evaluated for survivorship. Along the imbibition, cytometric and ultrastructural analysis were performed, besides the extraction of the heat-stable proteins. Posteriorly to imbibition and drying, the evaluation of ultrastructural damages was performed. Desiccation tolerance was fully lost after root protrusion. There was no increase in 4C DNA content after the loss of desiccation tolerance. Ultrastructural characteristics of cells from 1mm roots resembled those found in the recalcitrant seeds, in both hydrated and dehydrated states. The loss of desiccation tolerance coincided with the reduction of heat-stable proteins.


Resumo Durante a germinação, sementes ortodoxas tornam-se gradualmente intolerantes à dessecação, e por isso podem ser utilizadas como modelo para o estudo da recalcitrância. No presente trabalho realizou-se uma caracterização dos aspectos fisiológicos, bioquímicos e ultraestruturais da perda da tolerância à dessecação de sementes de Anadenanthera colubrina em processo germinativo. Para isso as sementes foram embebidas durante 0 (controle), 2,8,12 e aproximadamente 18 horas (sementes germinadas com 1 mm de radícula), secas por 72 horas, reidratadas e a sobrevivência avaliada. Ao longo da embebição foram realizadas análises citométricas, ultraestruturais e extração de proteínas resistentes ao calor e após embebição e secagem foram avaliados danos ultraestruturais. A tolerância à dessecação foi totalmente perdida após a protrusão radicular. Não houve aumento do conteúdo de DNA 4C quando a tolerância à dessecação foi perdida. Características ultraestruturais de células de radículas de 1 mm assemelharam-se às encontradas em sementes recalcitrantes tanto no estado hidratado quanto desidratado. A perda da tolerância à dessecação coincidiu com a redução do conteúdo de proteínas resistentes ao calor.


Subject(s)
Germination , Desiccation , Fabaceae/physiology , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Seeds/growth & development , Seeds/physiology , Seeds/genetics , Seeds/ultrastructure , Trees/growth & development , Trees/physiology , Trees/genetics , Trees/ultrastructure , Fabaceae/growth & development , Fabaceae/genetics , Fabaceae/ultrastructure
10.
Braz. j. biol ; 77(2): 260-266, Apr.-June 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-888733

ABSTRACT

Abstract Flood events in riparian forests of southern Brazil, can be characterized as unpredictable and of low magnitude with an average duration of less than 15 days. Inga marginata is an evergreen tree which grows in Southeast South America on a wide range of environments, including riparian forests. In this paper, the interactive effects of the light environment and soil flooding on morphological parameters of I. marginata were examined. Seedlings were acclimated in two contrasting light conditions: sun or shade for 30 days. Sun and shade plants were subjected to soil flooding for two periods; five or 15 days. After 5 days, the interaction between flooding and light did not affect growth, chlorophyll content and dry mass or the root-shoot ratio. After 15 days, flooded plants from the sunny treatment had a lower shoot dry mass compared to control sun plants and flooded plants from the shaded treatment. Moreover, the higher dry mass observed for shade plants compared to sun plants, following flooding, can also be directly associated with a higher content of soluble sugars. Shade plants of I. marginata showed a greater acclimation to soil waterlogging. This acclimation appears to be associated with a larger accumulation of soluble sugars compared to non-flooded plants. The responses observed on the shade plants appear to be decisive to indicate the use of I. marginata in degraded areas.


Resumo As inundações em florestas ripárias do Sul do Brasil, podem ser caracterizadas como imprevisíveis e de baixa magnitude com uma duração média de menos de 15 dias. Inga marginata é uma árvore que cresce no sudeste da América do Sul em uma grande variedade de ambientes, incluindo matas ciliares. Neste trabalho, os efeitos combinados da luminosidade e do e alagamento do solo nos parâmetros morfológicos de I. marginata foram examinados. As plântulas foram aclimatadas em duas condições contrastantes de luminosidade: sol e sombra por 30 dias. Plantas de sol e sombra foram submetidas ao alagamento do solo por dois períodos; cinco ou 15 dias. Após 5 dias, a interação entre a inundação e luminosidade não afetou o crescimento, teor de clorofila e massa seca e a razão raiz-parte aérea. Após 15 dias, plantas de sol sob inundação apresentaram menor massa seca na parte aérea em relação as plantas controle de sol e as plantas alagadas de sombra. Além disso, a maior massa seca observada nas plantas de sombra em comparação com plantas de sol, sob inundação, pode ser diretamente associado com um maior teor de açúcares solúveis. Plantas de sombra de I. marginata mostraram uma maior aclimatação ao encharcamento do solo. Esta aclimatação parece estar associada com um maior acúmulo de açúcares solúveis em comparação com as plantas não-inundadas. As respostas observadas nas plantas de sombra parecem ser determinantes para a indicação do uso de I. marginata em áreas degradadas.


Subject(s)
Floods , Fabaceae/physiology , Light , Solubility , Seedlings/anatomy & histology , Seedlings/growth & development , Seedlings/physiology , Sugars/metabolism , Acclimatization , Fabaceae/anatomy & histology , Fabaceae/growth & development
11.
Acta amaz ; 46(4): 367-376, out.-dez. 2016. tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1455325

ABSTRACT

A great number of species and individuals of scandent legumes establishing symbiosis with nitrogen fixing bacteria occurs in the Amazon Forest. These symbiosis probably play an important role in contributing to nitrogen incorporation in this ecossystem. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the growth of eight species of scandent legumes in five nursery substrates; to compare nodulation with rhizobia strains introduced or native to these substrates; and to characterize phenotypically and genetically these rhizobia. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with five replications. Five to seven months after seedling emergency, according to the legume species, growth and nodulation parameters were determined. Rhizobia identification of strains was carried out by 16S rRNA gene partial sequencing. The survival of seedlings after the transplanting varied from 93 to 98%, in Ultisol (Argissolo in Brazilian classification), collected in primary forest, and fertilized with all nutrients, except nitrogen (ULTfert); and in a clay and sand mixture, in a ratio 3:2 (CONV), respectively. Species with height superior to 30 cm, in general, grew better in substrates with higher fertility: ULTfert and Humic Gley soil (HG). Seven out of the eight species were able to nodulate. The percentage of nodulation per substrate was: SAND, washed sand with mixed inoculum of 100 rhizobia strains plus fertilization (100), HG (80), CONV (100), ULT, A-horizon of red-yellow Ultisol collected in the Ducke Forest Reserve (Manaus) (44), and ULTfert (55%). Bradyrhizobium spp. were isolated from nodules of all species and substrates. Burkolderia fungorum was isolated from Dalbergia inundata. For Dalbergia riedelli and Dalbergia inundata, this is the first report on the identification of symbiotic strains. Scandent legumes present high survival of seedlings in nursery, and develop better in substrates with higher fertility, and generally present symbiosis with [...].


Um grande número de espécies e indivíduos de leguminosas escandentes estabelecendo simbiose com bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio ocorrem na floresta Amazônica. Estas simbioses provavelmente desempenham importante papel, contribuindo para incorporação de nitrogênio neste ecossistema. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o crescimento de oito espécies de leguminosas escandentes em cinco substratos no viveiro; comparar a nodulação com as estirpes de rizóbio introduzidas ou nativas destes substratos; e caracterizar esses rizóbios fenotípica e geneticamente. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições. Cinco a sete meses após a emergência das mudas parâmetros de crescimento e nodulação foram determinados. A identificação das estirpes de rizóbios foi feita pelo sequenciamento parcial do gene 16S rRNA. A sobrevivência das mudas após o transplante variou de 93 a 98%, em um Argissolo (Ultisol de acordo com a classificação da USDA), coletado em floresta primária e adubado com todos os nutrientes, exceto nitrogênio (ULTfert), e na mistura argila e areia, na proporção 3:2 (CONV), respectivamente. Espécies que apresentaram altura superior a 30 cm, no geral, cresceram melhor nos substratos de maior fertilidade: ULTfert e solo Glei Húmico (GH). Das oito espécies estudadas, sete nodularam. A porcentagem de nodulação por substrato foi: AREIA, areia lavada com inóculo misto de 100 estirpes de rizóbio mais adubação (100), GH (80), CONV (100), ULT, horizonte A de Argissolo vermelho-amarelo coletado na Reserva Florestal Ducke (Manaus) (44) e ULTfert (55%). Bradyrhizobium spp. foram isolados de nódulos de todas as espécies e substratos. Burkolderia fungorum foi isolada de Dalbergia inundata. Este é o primeiro relato de identificação de estirpes simbióticas para Dalbergia riedelli e Dalbergia inundata. Leguminosas escandentes apresentaram alta sobrevivência de mudas em casa de vegetação e desenvolveram-se [...]


Subject(s)
Fabaceae/growth & development , Fabaceae/chemistry , Nitrogen Fixation , Symbiosis , Rainforest
12.
Rev. biol. trop ; 64(2): 507-520, abr.-jun. 2016. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-843294

ABSTRACT

AbstractPlants have limited resources to invest in reproduction, vegetative growth and defense against herbivorous. Trade-off in resources allocation promotes changes in plant traits that may affect higher trophic levels. In this study, we evaluated the trade-off effect between years of high and low fruiting on the investment of resources for growth and defense, and their indirect effects on herbivory in Copaifera langsdorffii. Our questions were: (i) does the resource investment on reproduction causes a depletion in vegetative growth as predicted by the Carbon/Nutrient Balance hypothesis (CNBH), resulting in more availability of resources to be allocated for defense?, (ii) does the variation in resource allocation for growth and defense between years of high and low fruiting leads to indirect changes in herbivory? Thirty-five trees located in a Cerrado area were monitored during 2008 (year of high fruiting) and 2009 (year of no fruiting) to evaluate the differential investment in vegetative traits (biomass, growth and number of ramifications), plant defense (tannin concentration and plant hypersensitivity) and herbivory (galling attack and folivory). According to our first question, we observed that in the fruiting year, woody biomass negatively affected tannin concentration, indicating that fruit production restricted the resources that could be invested both in growth as in defense. In the same way, we observed an inter-annual variation in herbivorous attack, and found that plants with higher leaf biomass and tannin concentration, experienced higher galling attack and hypersensitive reaction, regardless years. These findings suggested that plants’ resistance to herbivory is a good proxy of plant defense and an effective defense strategy for C. langsdorffii, besides the evidence of indirect responses of the third trophic level, as postulated by the second question. In summary, the supra-annual fruiting pattern promoted several changes on plant development, demonstrating the importance of evaluating different plant traits when characterizing the vegetative investment. As expected by theory, the trade-off in resource allocation favored changes in defense compounds production and patterns of herbivory. The understanding of this important element of insect-plant interactions will be fundamental to decipher coevolutionary life histories and interactions between plant species reproduction and herbivory. Besides that, only through long-term studies we will be able to build models and develop more accurate forecasts about the factors that trigger the bottom-up effect on herbivory performance, as well the top-down effect of herbivores on plant trait evolution. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (2): 507-520. Epub 2016 June 01.


ResumenLas plantas tienen recursos limitados para invertir en reproducción, crecimiento vegetativo y defensa contra herbívoros. El cambio en la distribución de recursos promueve variaciones en rasgos vegetales, que pueden afectar los niveles tróficos superiores. Durante dos años consecutivos de alta y baja inversión reproductiva se evaluó el cambio de recursos entre crecimiento vegetativo y defensa, y su efecto indirecto sobre la herbivoría en Copaifera langsdorffii. Nos preguntamos: i) ¿La inversión de recursos para la reproducción causa reducción del crecimiento vegetativo, como predice la hipótesis de equilibrio carbono/nutrientes, haciendo posible gastar más recursos en defensa? ii) ¿La variación en distribución de recursos para crecimiento y defensa entre años de alta y baja fructificación modifica indirectamente la herbivoría? Se monitorearon treinta y cinco árboles durante 2008 (gran fructificación) y 2009 (sin fructificación) en un área de vegetación de cerrado (Brasil), para evaluar la inversión diferencial en rasgos vegetativos (biomasa, crecimiento y No. de ramificaciones), defensa (concentración de taninos e hipersensibilidad vegetal) y herbivoría. De acuerdo a nuestra primera pregunta, se observó que en el año de fructificación la biomasa leñosa afectó negativamente la concentración de taninos, indicando que la producción de frutos redujo los recursos que podían invertirse en crecimiento y defensa. Además, la resistencia de las plantas y el ataque de agallas fueron influidos positivamente por la concentración de taninos y la biomasa foliar, lo que sugiere que la resistencia de los árboles a la herbivoría es un buen indicador de defensa vegetal y una estrategia efectiva de defensa de C. langsdorffii, además hay evidencia de respuesta trófica indirecta, como se postula en la segunda pregunta. En resumen, el patrón de fructificación supra-anual provoca varios efectos en el desarrollo de las plantas, mostrando la importancia de evaluar diversos rasgos vegetales al caracterizar la inversión de recursos de una especie. Como se esperaba, el cambio en la distribución de recursos modifica la producción de compuestos de defensa y los patrones de herbivoría. El entendimiento de este elemento importante de las interacciones insecto-planta será fundamental para descifrar la historia natural coevolutiva y las interacciones entre reproducción vegetal y ataque herbívoro. Además de eso, solo a través de estudios a largo plazo vamos a ser capaces de construir modelos y desarrollar pronósticos más precisos acerca de los factores que desencadenan el efecto de abajo hacia arriba en el rendimiento de la herbivoría, así el efecto de arriba hacia abajo de los herbívoros sobre la evolución de las plantas.


Subject(s)
Animals , Adaptation, Physiological/physiology , Herbivory/physiology , Insecta/physiology , Fabaceae/physiology , Plant Tumors , Herbivory/classification , Insecta/classification , Fabaceae/growth & development , Fabaceae/parasitology
13.
Rev. biol. trop ; 64(2): 483-492, abr.-jun. 2016. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-843292

ABSTRACT

AbstractHeterogeneity in seeds mostly occurs due to physiological, environmental and genetic factors, and these could affect seed dormancy and germination. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the effect of seed colour on germination behavior. For this, both light and temperature requirements were assessed in Lotus glinoides and Lotus halophilus (Fabaceae) from the hyper-arid deserts of the United Arab Emirates. Germination was assessed in terms of both final germination level (percentage) and germination rate, as expressed by Timson’s germination velocity index. Lotus glinoides produces black and yellow-colored seeds, and L. halophilus produces green and yellow seeds. Different seed lots were germinated in both light and darkness at different temperatures. Yellow seeds of the two species attained significantly lower germination, compared to black and green seeds. There was no specific light or temperature requirements for the germination of the two coloured seeds of L. glinoides; the effect of interactions between seed colour and both light and incubation temperature, were not significant on the final germination percentage. in L. halophilus, green seeds germinated significantly more in both light and darkness at lower temperatures (15/25 °C) and in light at higher temperatures (25/35 °C), compared to yellow seeds. Yellow seeds germinated faster, compared to black at 15/25 °C in L. glinoides and compared to green seeds at 15/25 °C and 25/35 °C in L. halophilus. Seed colour variation, at least in L. halophilus, could be a survival strategy that would determine the time of germination throughout the year in the unpredictable desert environment. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (2): 483-492. Epub 2016 June 01.


ResumenLa heterogeneidad en las semillas se produce principalmente debido a factores fisiológicos, genéticos y ambientales, y esto podría afectar latencia de las semillas y la germinación. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de nuestro estudio fue evaluar el efecto del color de la semilla en el comportamiento de la germinación. Para ello, tanto los requisitos de luz y temperatura fueron evaluados en Lotus glinoides y Lotus halophilus (Fabaceae) desde los desiertos hiper-árida de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos. La germinación se evaluó en términos de nivel final de germinación (porcentaje) y la tasa de germinación, expresado por el índice de velocidad de germinación de Timson. L. glinoides produce semillas negro y de color amarillo, y L. halophilus produce semillas verdes y amarillas. Los diferentes lotes de semillas fueron germinadas en luz y oscuridad a diferentes temperaturas. Semillas amarillas de las dos especies alcanzaron significativamente menor germinación, en comparación con las semillas negras y verdes. No había requisitos específicos de luz o temperatura para la germinación de las semillas de dos colores de L. glinoides; el efecto de las interacciones entre color de la semilla y la luz y la temperatura de incubación, no fueron significativas en el porcentaje final de germinación. En L. halophilus, semillas verdes germinados significativamente más en la luz y la oscuridad a temperaturas más bajas (15/25 °C) ya la luz a temperaturas más altas (25/35 °C), en comparación con semillas amarillas. Semillas amarillas germinaron más rápido, en comparación con el negro a 15/25 °C en L. glinoides y en comparación con semillas verdes a 15/25 °C y 25/35 °C en L. halophilus. La variación del color de la semilla, al menos en L. halophilus, podría ser una estrategia de supervivencia que determinaría el momento de la germinación durante todo el año en el entorno del desierto impredecible.


Subject(s)
Seeds/anatomy & histology , Seeds/growth & development , Fabaceae/growth & development , Temperature , Color , Germination/physiology , Desert Climate , Plant Dormancy , Fabaceae/classification
14.
Braz. j. biol ; 75(4,supl.1): 119-125, Nov. 2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-768220

ABSTRACT

Abstract Reclamation of copper contaminated sites using forest species may be an efficient alternative to reduce the negative impact. The aim of this study was to quantify the growth and evaluate the quality of seedlings of native species at different doses of copper in the soil. The experimental design was completely randomized, with seven replications in a factorial arrangement (3×9), using three indigenous species of plants (Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Mimosa scabrella and Apuleia leiocarpa) and nine doses of copper in the soil (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420 and 480 mg kg–1).The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse which the seedlings were grown for 180 days. The experimental units were plastic pots of 125 cm3 filled with Oxisol. The results indicated that the levels of copper applied to the soil decreased the quality of seedlings and growth of Apuleia leiocarpato a lesser extent compared with Mimosa scabrella and Anadenanthera macrocarpa. Anadenanthera macrocarpa was the forest species that resulted in the lowest copper translocation from roots to shoots. In addition, the Apuleia leiocarpa exhibited high resistance and tolerance for copper in the soil and also, it is highlighted an ability for copper phytoremediation.


Resumo A recuperação de áreas contaminadas com cobre utilizando espécies florestais pode ser uma alternativa eficiente para reduzir o impacto negativo deste elemento nestas áreas. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar o crescimento e avaliar a qualidade de mudas de espécies nativas em diferentes doses de cobre no solo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com sete repetições, em um esquema fatorial (3×9), utilizando-se três espécies nativas de plantas (Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Mimosa scabrella e Apuleia leiocarpa) e nove doses de cobre no solo (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420 e 480 mg kg–1). O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, onde as plantas foram cultivadas por 180 dias. As unidades experimentais foram vasos de plástico de 125 cm3, preenchidos com Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. Os resultados indicaram que o nível de cobre aplicado ao solo reduziu a qualidade de plântulas e crescimento de Apuleia leiocarpa para um menor grau comparado com bracatinga e angico. Anadenanthera macrocarpa foi a espécie florestal que apresentou menor translocação de cobre a parte aérea das mudas. Além disso, a Apuleia leiocarpa exibiu elevada tolerância para o cobre no solo e também destaca-se mostrando uma capacidade para fitoremediação de áreas contaminadas com cobre.


Subject(s)
Copper/metabolism , Fabaceae/growth & development , Soil Pollutants/metabolism , Trees/growth & development , Biodegradation, Environmental , Brazil , Copper/toxicity , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Fabaceae/drug effects , Random Allocation , Species Specificity , Soil Pollutants/toxicity , Trees/drug effects
15.
Rev. biol. trop ; 63(1): 249-261, Jan.-Mar. 2015. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-753790

ABSTRACT

The ecological restoration strategies for highly threatened ecosystems such as the tropical dry forest, depend on the knowledge of limiting factors of biological processes for the different species. Some of these include aspects such as germination and seed longevity of typical species present in those forests. In this study, we evaluated the effect of light and temperature on seed germination of two Fabaceae (Samanea saman and Jacaranda caucana) and two Bignoniaceae (Pithecellobium dulce and Tabebuia rosea) species having potential use in restoration, and we analyzed the seed storage behavior of these species for a three months period. To study the light effect, four levels of light quality on seeds were used (photoperiod of 12 hours of white light, darkness and light enriched in red and far-red, both for an hour each day), and we combined them with three levels of alternated temperatures (20/25, 20/30 and 25/30°C-16/8h). For the storage behavior, two levels of seed moisture content particular for each species were used (low: 3.5-6.1% and high: 8.3-13.8%), with three storage temperatures (20, 5 and -20°C) and two storage times (one and three months). The criterion for germination was radicle emergence which was measured in four replicates per treatment, and was expressed as percentage of germination (PG). There were significant differences in germination of Samanea saman and Jacaranda caucana among light and temperature treatments, with the lowest value in darkness treatments, whereas germination of Pithecellobium dulce and Tabebuia rosea did not differ between treatments (PG>90%). The most suitable temperature regime to promote germination in all species was 25/30°C. These four species showed an orthodox seed storage behavior. We concluded that seeds of P. dulce, J. caucana and T. rosea did not have an apparent influence of all light conditions tested in their germination response, which might confer advantages in colonization and establishment processes, while S. saman did not germinate well in darkness. We suggest the use of seeds of P. dulce, J. caucana and T. rosea in ecological restoration processes, due to their tolerance and germination under a wide range of temperature and light conditions. Futhermore, seeds of S. saman might be used in open areas such as forest gaps.


Las estrategias de restauración ecológica en ecosistemas altamente amenazados como el bosque seco tropical, dependen del conocimiento de factores limitantes de procesos biológicos, como la germinación y la longevidad de semillas de especies típicas de los mismos. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de la luz y la temperatura en la germinación de semillas de dos especies de Fabaceae y dos de Bignoniaceae potencialmente útiles para restauración, y se determinó su comportamiento en el almacenamiento. Para el primer objetivo, se utilizaron cuatro niveles de calidad lumínica (fotoperiodo con 12 horas de luz, oscuridad y estímulos de luz enriquecida en rojo y luz enriquecida en rojo lejano, ambas por una hora), combinados con tres niveles de temperaturas alternadas (20/25, 20/30 y 25/30°C - 16/8h). Para el segundo objetivo, se utilizaron dos niveles de contenido de humedad de las semillas, con tres niveles de temperatura de almacenamiento (20, 5 y -20°C) y dos tiempos de almacenamiento (1 y 3 meses). La variable de respuesta para ambos experimentos fue el número de semillas germinadas, expresado en porcentaje (PG). Samanea saman y Jacaranda caucana presentaron un PG significativamente diferente entre los tratamientos lumínicos, con el valor menor en la oscuridad, mientras Pithecellobium dulce y Tabebuia rosea no presentaron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos (PG>90%). La respuesta a la temperatura mostró que 25/30°C es el régimen más adecuado para promover la germinación de la mayoría de las especies. Las semillas de las cuatro especies evaluadas presentaron un comportamiento ortodoxo en el almacenamiento. Se concluye que las semillas de P. dulce, J. caucana y T. rosea son indiferentes a las condiciones de luz y temperatura probadas, confiriéndoles ciertas ventajas en procesos de colonización y establecimiento frente a S. saman, cuya germinación no se ve favorecida en la oscuridad. Se sugiere el uso de semillas de P. dulce, J. caucana y T. rosea en proyectos de restauración ecológica del bosque seco Tropical, debido a su tolerancia y germinación en condiciones ambientales con intervalos amplios de temperatura y luminosidad. Mientras que, semillas de S. saman podrían ser usadas en sitios abiertos como claros de bosques.


Subject(s)
Bignoniaceae/growth & development , Fabaceae/growth & development , Germination , Light , Seeds/growth & development , Temperature , Bignoniaceae/classification , Colombia , Forests , Fabaceae/classification
16.
Braz. j. biol ; 74(2): 501-508, 5/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-719270

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated the loss of desiccation tolerance in C. langsdorffii seeds during the germination process. Seeds were imbibed for 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours and dried to the initial moisture content, kept in this state for 3 days after which they were submitted to pre-humidification and rehydration. Ultraestructural evaluations were done aiming to observe the cell damage caused by the dry process. Desiccation tolerance was evaluated in terms of the percentage of normal seedlings. Seeds not submitted to the drying process presented 61% of normal seedlings, and after 24 hours of imbibition, followed by drying, the seeds presented the same percentage of survival. However, after 48 hours of imbibition, seeds started to lose the desiccation tolerance. There was twenty six percent of normal seedlings formed from seeds imbibed for 96 hours and later dried and rehydrated. Only 5% of seeds imbibed for 144 hours, dried and rehydrated formed normal seedlings. At 144 hours of imbibition followed the dry process, there was damage into the cell structure, indicating that the seeds were unable to keep the cell structure during the drying process. Copaifera langsdorffii seeds loses the desiccation tolerance at the start of Phase 2 of imbibition.


Este estudo avaliou a perda da tolerância à dessecação em sementes de C. langsdorffii durante o processo germinativo. Sementes foram embebidas por 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 e 144 horas e depois secas até a umidade inicial, sendo mantidas neste estado durante 3 dias, quando então foram submetidas a pré-umidificação e reidratação. Avaliações ultraestruturais foram realizadas objetivando observar danos nas células causados pelo processo de secagem. A tolerância à dessecação foi avaliada pelo percentual de plântulas normais. Sementes não submetidas ao processo de secagem apresentaram 61% de plântulas normais, sendo que após 24 horas de embebição seguida de secagem, houve o mesmo percentual de sobrevivência. Contudo, após 48 horas de embebição, as sementes começaram a perder a tolerância à dessecação. Vinte e seis por cento de sementes formaram plântulas normais após embeberem por 96 horas e secas. Apenas 5% de sementes embebidas por 144 horas e secas formaram plântulas normais. Após 144 horas de embebição, seguida de secagem, verificou-se danos na estrutura celular, o que indica que as sementes não são capazes de manter a estrutura celular durante o processo de secagem. Verificou-se no presente estudo que sementes de C. langsdorffii perdem a tolerância à dessecação no inicio da fase 2 da embebição.


Subject(s)
Desiccation/methods , Fabaceae/growth & development , Germination/physiology , Seeds/growth & development , Adaptation, Physiological , Time Factors
17.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 65(5): 1527-1536, out. 2013. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-689773

ABSTRACT

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar três sistemas forrageiros (SF) com capim elefante (CE) + azevém (AZ) + espécies de crescimento espontâneo (ECE); CE + AZ + ECE + amendoim forrageiro (AM); e CE + AZ + ECE + trevo vermelho (TV), usando-se a mesma área, sob pastejo rotacionado, no decorrer do ano agrícola. O CE foi estabelecido em linhas afastadas a cada 4m. No período hibernal, fez-se o estabelecimento do AZ entre as linhas do CE; o TV foi semeado e o AM foi preservado, considerando-se os respectivos SF. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com três tratamentos (SF), duas repetições (piquetes) e avaliações independentes (ciclos de pastejos). Para avaliação, foram utilizadas vacas da raça Holandesa em lactação, que receberam suplementação alimentar com concentrado à razão de 1% do peso corporal/dia. Foram avaliados a massa de forragem, os componentes botânicos do pasto e estruturais do CE e a taxa de lotação. Durante o período experimental, foram efetuados oito ciclos de pastejo. Sistemas forrageiros que envolvem gramíneas e leguminosas de diferentes ciclos proporcionam a utilização da área durante todo o ano agrícola em pastejo rotativo com bovinos leiteiros. Considerando-se a predominância das avaliações em cada pastejo, os sistemas forrageiros consorciados apresentam melhor resultado tanto paras as variáveis de massa de forragem quanto para a taxa de lotação.


The objective of this research was to evaluate three grazing systems (GS) with elephant grass (EG) + ryegrass (RG) + spontaneous growing species (SGS); EG + RG + SGS + forage peanut (FP); and EG + RG + SGS + red clover (RC), in order to use the area in rotational grazing during the agricultural year. EG was planted in rows with a distance of 4m between each row. In the cool-season, RG was sowed between EG rows and FP was preserved on GS. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments (GS), two replicates (paddocks) and independent evaluations (grazing cycles). For the evaluation lactating Holstein cows receiving 1% of BW/day feed supplement concentrate were used. The herbage mass, botanical composition of pasture, structural component of EG and stocking rate were evaluated. Eight grazing cycles were performed during the experimental period. Grazing systems involving grass and legume forage in different cycles provided the use of the area during the agricultural year in rotational grazing with dairy cattle. Considering the predominance of the evaluations in each grazing, the mixed grazing systems have better results for both forage mass and stocking rate variables.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Cattle , Fabaceae/growth & development , Fabaceae/chemistry , Poaceae/chemistry , Breast-Milk Substitutes , Pennisetum/chemistry
18.
Rev. biol. trop ; 61(3): 1109-1118, sep. 2013. ilus, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-688463

ABSTRACT

Seed biology is a relevant aspect of tropical forests because it is central to the understanding of processes of plant establishment, succession and natural regeneration. Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil is a timber tree from South America that produces large seeds with thin weak teguments, which is uncommon among legumes. This study describes the morphology and anatomy of the seed coat, the viability, imbibition, and germination in this species. Seeds used during the essays came from 10 trees that grow naturally in Horco Molle, province of Tucumán, Argentina. Seed morphology was described from a sample of 20 units. The seed coat surface was examined with a scanning electron microscope. Transverse sections of hydrated and non-hydrated seeds were employed to describe the histological structure of the seed coat. Hydration, viability and germination experiments were performed under laboratory controlled conditions; and the experimental design consisted of 10 replicas of 10 seeds each. Viability and germination tests were conducted using freshly fallen seeds and seeds stored for five months. Morphologically the seeds of A. colubrina var. cebil are circular to subcircular, laterally compressed, smooth, bright brown and have a horseshoe fissure line (=pleurogram) on both sides. The seed coat comprises five tissue layers and a double (external and internal) cuticle. The outer cuticle (on the epidermis) is smooth and interrupted by microcracks and pores of variable depth. The epidermis consists of macroesclereids with non-lignified secondary walls. This layer is separated from the underlying ones during seed hydration. The other layers of internal tissues are comprised of osteosclereids, parenchyma, osteosclereids, and macrosclereids. The percentage of viable seeds was 93%, decreasing to 75% in seeds with five months old. Seed mass increased 76% after the first eight hours of hydration. Germination percentage was 75% after 76 hours. Germination of seeds stored for five months decreased to 12%. The results showed that seeds of A. colubrina var. cebil are highly permeable and germinate directly without a dormant period.


El cebil, Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul, es un árbol forestal de América del Sur con grandes semillas de tegumentos delgados y débiles. Este estudio describe la morfología y anatomía de la cubierta seminal del cebil y evalúa la viabilidad, la imbibición y germinación de las semillas. Morfológicamente las semillas son circulares a subcirculares, comprimidas lateralmente, lisas, marrón lustrosas, con una línea fisural en forma de herradura en ambas caras. Histológicamente la cubierta seminal comprende cinco capas de células y una cutícula externa e interna. La cutícula externa es lisa y presenta microfisuras y poros de profundidad variable. La epidermis consiste de un estrato de macroesclereidas con paredes secundarias no lignificadas. Los siguientes tejidos internos incluyen, osteosclereidas, parénquima, osteoscleridas y macroesceleridas. El porcentaje de semillas viables fue del 93%, disminuyendo al 75% en semillas con cinco meses de almacenamiento. Las semillas incrementaron el 76% de su masa durante las primeras 8 horas de hidratación. El porcentaje de germinación en semillas nuevas fue del 75% al término de 76 horas y del 12% en semillas almacenadas por cinco meses. Los resultados confirman que las semillas de A. colubrina var. cebil son altamente permeables y germinan sin un período de reposo.


Subject(s)
Fabaceae/growth & development , Germination/physiology , Seeds/growth & development , Argentina , Fabaceae/ultrastructure , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Seeds/ultrastructure , Time Factors
19.
Indian J Exp Biol ; 2013 Jul; 51(7): 548-555
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-147626

ABSTRACT

Black gram plants subjected to varying levels of Zn supply (0.01 to 10 µM Zn) showed optimum growth and dry matter yield in plants receiving 1 µM Zn. The dry matter yield of plants decreased in plants receiving 0.01 and 0.1 µM Zn (deficient) and excess levels of Zn (2 and 10 µM Zn). The plants grown with Zn deficient supply showed delayed flowering, premature bud abscission, reduced size of anthers, pollen producing capacity, pollen viability and stigma receptivity resulting in poor pod formation and seed yield. Providing Zn as a foliar spray at pre-flowering stage minimized the severity of Zn deficiency on reproductive structure development and enhanced the seed nutritional status by enhancing seed Zn density, seed carbohydrate (sugar and starch content) and storage proteins (albumins, globulins, glutenins, and prolamines).


Subject(s)
Fabaceae/drug effects , Fabaceae/growth & development , Flowers/drug effects , Flowers/growth & development , Flowers/metabolism , Germination/drug effects , Plant Leaves/drug effects , Plant Leaves/growth & development , Pollen/drug effects , Pollen/metabolism , Seeds/drug effects , Seeds/growth & development , Zinc/administration & dosage , Zinc/pharmacology
20.
Bol. latinoam. Caribe plantas med. aromát ; 12(4): 365-371, jul. 2013. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-724330

ABSTRACT

Different analyses were carried out on the following plant species: Adesmia boronioides Hook.F., Senecio patagonicus Hook. & Arn. and Lepidophyllum cupressiforme (Lam.) Cass. in order to compare the photosynthetic pigment, carotenoid and phenylpropanoid contents. Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were measured by using common established reagents: Folin-Ciocalteau and ABTS respectively. Plant samples were collected from specimens growing inside the National Park Pali Aike and the Botanic Garden Carl Skottsberg in Punta Arenas city. The results showed no marked tendencies between photosynthetic pigments. Nevertheless, a good correlation was found among the antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds. Furthermore, species growing in the Pali Aike National Park seem to be more adapted to the environmental conditions.


Se realizaron diferentes análisis al contenido de pigmentos fotosintéticos, carotenoides y fenilpropanoides. El contenido de fenoles totales y la capacidad antioxidante se midieron usando reactivos ampliamente conocidos: Folin-Ciocalteau y ABTS respectivamente en las siguientes especies: Adesmia boronioides, Senecio patagonicus y Lepidophyllum cupressiforme. Estas plantas se encuentran en el Parque Nacional Pali Aike y en el Jardín Botánico Carl Skottsberg en la ciudad de Punta Arenas. Los resultados no muestran una tendencia clara entre las muestras de pigmentos fotosintéticos. Sin embargo, se pudo observar una buena correlación entre la capacidad antioxidante y el contenido de compuestos fenólicos. Además, aparentemente las especies que crecen en el Parque Nacional Pali Aike están más adaptadas a esas condiciones ambientales.


Subject(s)
Antioxidants/chemistry , Asteraceae/chemistry , Fabaceae/chemistry , Senecio/chemistry , Adaptation, Physiological , Asteraceae/growth & development , Chile , Fabaceae/growth & development , Phenols/analysis , Stress, Physiological , Senecio/growth & development
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